refa Remove redundant render pass

* src/vk/render_pass.hpp: Both 2D pipelines used identical render
passes. I merged both in a single render pass.
* src/vk/renderer.cpp (Renderer::draw): Use only one render pass for
both 2D graphics pipelines.

13 files changed, 300 insertions, 324 deletions

diff --git a/src/vk/graphics_pipeline_2d_solid.cpp b/src/vk/graphics_pipeline_2d_solid.cpp
index d7f2b17..8432a8a 100644
--- a/src/vk/graphics_pipeline_2d_solid.cpp
+++ b/src/vk/graphics_pipeline_2d_solid.cpp
@@ -39,8 +39,7 @@ load_framebuffer(void *obj)
 
     VkFramebufferCreateInfo framebuffer_info{};
     framebuffer_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FRAMEBUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
-    framebuffer_info.renderPass =
-      cg_core.vk_graphics_pipeline_2d_solid_layout->render_pass;
+    framebuffer_info.renderPass = cg_core.vk_render_pass->pipeline_2d;
     framebuffer_info.attachmentCount = attachments.size();
     framebuffer_info.pAttachments = attachments.data();
     framebuffer_info.width = cg_core.display_width;
@@ -232,8 +231,7 @@ load_pipeline(void *obj)
   pipeline_info.pDynamicState = &dynamic_state_info;
   pipeline_info.layout =
     cg_core.vk_graphics_pipeline_2d_solid_layout->pipeline;
-  pipeline_info.renderPass =
-    cg_core.vk_graphics_pipeline_2d_solid_layout->render_pass;
+  pipeline_info.renderPass = cg_core.vk_render_pass->pipeline_2d;
   pipeline_info.subpass = 0;
   pipeline_info.basePipelineHandle = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
   pipeline_info.basePipelineIndex = -1;
diff --git a/src/vk/graphics_pipeline_2d_solid_layout.cpp b/src/vk/graphics_pipeline_2d_solid_layout.cpp
index cbd656a..712e840 100644
--- a/src/vk/graphics_pipeline_2d_solid_layout.cpp
+++ b/src/vk/graphics_pipeline_2d_solid_layout.cpp
@@ -61,80 +61,8 @@ unload_pipeline(void *obj)
     cg_core.vk_device_with_swapchain->device, self->pipeline, nullptr);
 }
 
-void
-load_render_pass(void *obj)
-{
-  auto self = static_cast<VK::GraphicsPipeline2DSolidLayout*>(obj);
-
-  std::array<VkAttachmentDescription, 1> attachments{};
-  // Color attachment.
-  attachments[0].flags = 0;
-  attachments[0].format = cg_core.vk_swapchain->image_format;
-  attachments[0].samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
-  attachments[0].loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_LOAD;
-  attachments[0].storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;
-  attachments[0].stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
-  attachments[0].stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
-  attachments[0].initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
-  attachments[0].finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
-
-  VkAttachmentReference color_attachment_ref{};
-  color_attachment_ref.attachment = 0;
-  color_attachment_ref.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
-
-  VkSubpassDescription subpass{};
-  subpass.flags = 0;
-  subpass.pipelineBindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS;
-  subpass.inputAttachmentCount = 0;
-  subpass.pInputAttachments = nullptr;
-  subpass.colorAttachmentCount = 1;
-  subpass.pColorAttachments = &color_attachment_ref;
-  subpass.pResolveAttachments = nullptr;
-  subpass.pDepthStencilAttachment = nullptr;
-  subpass.preserveAttachmentCount = 0;
-  subpass.pPreserveAttachments = nullptr;
-
-  VkSubpassDependency dependency{};
-  dependency.srcSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;
-  dependency.dstSubpass = 0;
-  dependency.srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT |
-    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT;
-  dependency.srcAccessMask = 0;
-  dependency.dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT |
-    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT;
-  dependency.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT |
-    VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT |
-    VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
-
-  VkRenderPassCreateInfo render_pass_info{};
-  render_pass_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO;
-  render_pass_info.pNext = nullptr;
-  render_pass_info.flags = 0;
-  render_pass_info.attachmentCount = attachments.size();
-  render_pass_info.pAttachments = attachments.data();
-  render_pass_info.subpassCount = 1;
-  render_pass_info.pSubpasses = &subpass;
-  render_pass_info.dependencyCount = 1;
-  render_pass_info.pDependencies = &dependency;
-
-  if(vkCreateRenderPass(
-       cg_core.vk_device_with_swapchain->device, &render_pass_info,
-       nullptr, &self->render_pass) != VK_SUCCESS)
-    throw CommandError{"Failed to create Vulkan Render Pass 2D."};
-}
-
-static void
-unload_render_pass(void *obj)
-{
-  auto self = static_cast<VK::GraphicsPipeline2DSolidLayout*>(obj);
-
-  vkDestroyRenderPass(
-    cg_core.vk_device_with_swapchain->device, self->render_pass, nullptr);
-}
-
 const CommandChain loader{
-  {&load_pipeline, &unload_pipeline},
-  {&load_render_pass, &unload_render_pass}
+  {&load_pipeline, &unload_pipeline}
 };
 
 }
diff --git a/src/vk/graphics_pipeline_2d_solid_layout.hpp b/src/vk/graphics_pipeline_2d_solid_layout.hpp
index 59a5c5e..0bb9de8 100644
--- a/src/vk/graphics_pipeline_2d_solid_layout.hpp
+++ b/src/vk/graphics_pipeline_2d_solid_layout.hpp
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ namespace VK
 struct GraphicsPipeline2DSolidLayout
 {
   VkPipelineLayout pipeline;
-  VkRenderPass render_pass;
 
   GraphicsPipeline2DSolidLayout();
   ~GraphicsPipeline2DSolidLayout();
diff --git a/src/vk/graphics_pipeline_2d_wired.cpp b/src/vk/graphics_pipeline_2d_wired.cpp
index 51431b4..6590508 100644
--- a/src/vk/graphics_pipeline_2d_wired.cpp
+++ b/src/vk/graphics_pipeline_2d_wired.cpp
@@ -67,8 +67,7 @@ load_framebuffer(void *obj)
 
     VkFramebufferCreateInfo framebuffer_info{};
     framebuffer_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FRAMEBUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
-    framebuffer_info.renderPass =
-      cg_core.vk_graphics_pipeline_2d_wired_layout->render_pass;
+    framebuffer_info.renderPass = cg_core.vk_render_pass->pipeline_2d;
     framebuffer_info.attachmentCount = attachments.size();
     framebuffer_info.pAttachments = attachments.data();
     framebuffer_info.width = cg_core.display_width;
@@ -244,8 +243,7 @@ load_pipeline(void *obj)
   pipeline_info.pDynamicState = &dynamic_state_info;
   pipeline_info.layout =
     cg_core.vk_graphics_pipeline_2d_wired_layout->pipeline;
-  pipeline_info.renderPass =
-    cg_core.vk_graphics_pipeline_2d_wired_layout->render_pass;
+  pipeline_info.renderPass = cg_core.vk_render_pass->pipeline_2d;
   pipeline_info.subpass = 0;
   pipeline_info.basePipelineHandle = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
   pipeline_info.basePipelineIndex = -1;
diff --git a/src/vk/graphics_pipeline_2d_wired_layout.cpp b/src/vk/graphics_pipeline_2d_wired_layout.cpp
index fe935eb..10e2b50 100644
--- a/src/vk/graphics_pipeline_2d_wired_layout.cpp
+++ b/src/vk/graphics_pipeline_2d_wired_layout.cpp
@@ -65,80 +65,8 @@ unload_pipeline(void *obj)
     cg_core.vk_device_with_swapchain->device, self->pipeline, nullptr);
 }
 
-void
-load_render_pass(void *obj)
-{
-  auto self = static_cast<VK::GraphicsPipeline2DWiredLayout*>(obj);
-
-  std::array<VkAttachmentDescription, 1> attachments{};
-  // Color attachment.
-  attachments[0].flags = 0;
-  attachments[0].format = cg_core.vk_swapchain->image_format;
-  attachments[0].samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
-  attachments[0].loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_LOAD;
-  attachments[0].storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;
-  attachments[0].stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
-  attachments[0].stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
-  attachments[0].initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
-  attachments[0].finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR;
-
-  VkAttachmentReference color_attachment_ref{};
-  color_attachment_ref.attachment = 0;
-  color_attachment_ref.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
-
-  VkSubpassDescription subpass{};
-  subpass.flags = 0;
-  subpass.pipelineBindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS;
-  subpass.inputAttachmentCount = 0;
-  subpass.pInputAttachments = nullptr;
-  subpass.colorAttachmentCount = 1;
-  subpass.pColorAttachments = &color_attachment_ref;
-  subpass.pResolveAttachments = nullptr;
-  subpass.pDepthStencilAttachment = nullptr;
-  subpass.preserveAttachmentCount = 0;
-  subpass.pPreserveAttachments = nullptr;
-
-  VkSubpassDependency dependency{};
-  dependency.srcSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;
-  dependency.dstSubpass = 0;
-  dependency.srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT |
-    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT;
-  dependency.srcAccessMask = 0;
-  dependency.dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT |
-    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT;
-  dependency.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT |
-    VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT |
-    VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
-
-  VkRenderPassCreateInfo render_pass_info{};
-  render_pass_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO;
-  render_pass_info.pNext = nullptr;
-  render_pass_info.flags = 0;
-  render_pass_info.attachmentCount = attachments.size();
-  render_pass_info.pAttachments = attachments.data();
-  render_pass_info.subpassCount = 1;
-  render_pass_info.pSubpasses = &subpass;
-  render_pass_info.dependencyCount = 1;
-  render_pass_info.pDependencies = &dependency;
-
-  if(vkCreateRenderPass(
-       cg_core.vk_device_with_swapchain->device, &render_pass_info,
-       nullptr, &self->render_pass) != VK_SUCCESS)
-    throw CommandError{"Failed to create Vulkan Render Pass 2D."};
-}
-
-static void
-unload_render_pass(void *obj)
-{
-  auto self = static_cast<VK::GraphicsPipeline2DWiredLayout*>(obj);
-
-  vkDestroyRenderPass(
-    cg_core.vk_device_with_swapchain->device, self->render_pass, nullptr);
-}
-
 const CommandChain loader{
-  {&load_pipeline, &unload_pipeline},
-  {&load_render_pass, &unload_render_pass}
+  {&load_pipeline, &unload_pipeline}
 };
 
 }
diff --git a/src/vk/graphics_pipeline_2d_wired_layout.hpp b/src/vk/graphics_pipeline_2d_wired_layout.hpp
index f08aeaa..004f009 100644
--- a/src/vk/graphics_pipeline_2d_wired_layout.hpp
+++ b/src/vk/graphics_pipeline_2d_wired_layout.hpp
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ namespace VK
 struct GraphicsPipeline2DWiredLayout
 {
   VkPipelineLayout pipeline;
-  VkRenderPass render_pass;
 
   GraphicsPipeline2DWiredLayout();
   ~GraphicsPipeline2DWiredLayout();
diff --git a/src/vk/graphics_pipeline_3d.cpp b/src/vk/graphics_pipeline_3d.cpp
index 3d4b7cd..a1a1785 100644
--- a/src/vk/graphics_pipeline_3d.cpp
+++ b/src/vk/graphics_pipeline_3d.cpp
@@ -270,8 +270,7 @@ load_framebuffer(void *obj)
 
     VkFramebufferCreateInfo framebuffer_info{};
     framebuffer_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FRAMEBUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
-    framebuffer_info.renderPass =
-      cg_core.vk_graphics_pipeline_3d_layout->render_pass;
+    framebuffer_info.renderPass = cg_core.vk_render_pass->pipeline_3d;
     framebuffer_info.attachmentCount = attachments.size();
     framebuffer_info.pAttachments = attachments.data();
     framebuffer_info.width = cg_core.display_width;
@@ -483,8 +482,7 @@ load_pipeline(void *obj)
   pipeline_info.pColorBlendState = &color_blending;
   pipeline_info.pDynamicState = &dynamic_state_info;
   pipeline_info.layout = cg_core.vk_graphics_pipeline_3d_layout->pipeline;
-  pipeline_info.renderPass =
-    cg_core.vk_graphics_pipeline_3d_layout->render_pass;
+  pipeline_info.renderPass = cg_core.vk_render_pass->pipeline_3d;
   pipeline_info.subpass = 0;
   pipeline_info.basePipelineHandle = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
   pipeline_info.basePipelineIndex = -1;
diff --git a/src/vk/graphics_pipeline_3d_layout.cpp b/src/vk/graphics_pipeline_3d_layout.cpp
index e5a0c82..5f8cf5b 100644
--- a/src/vk/graphics_pipeline_3d_layout.cpp
+++ b/src/vk/graphics_pipeline_3d_layout.cpp
@@ -56,95 +56,8 @@ unload_pipeline(void *obj)
     cg_core.vk_device_with_swapchain->device, self->pipeline, nullptr);
 }
 
-void
-load_render_pass(void *obj)
-{
-  auto self = static_cast<VK::GraphicsPipeline3DLayout*>(obj);
-
-  std::array<VkAttachmentDescription, 2> attachments{};
-  // Color attachment.
-  attachments[0].flags = 0;
-  attachments[0].format = cg_core.vk_swapchain->image_format;
-  attachments[0].samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
-  attachments[0].loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
-  attachments[0].storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;
-  attachments[0].stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
-  attachments[0].stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
-  attachments[0].initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
-  attachments[0].finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
-  // Depth attachment.
-  attachments[1].flags = 0;
-  attachments[1].format = VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT;
-  attachments[1].samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
-  attachments[1].loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
-  attachments[1].storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
-  attachments[1].stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
-  attachments[1].stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
-  attachments[1].initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
-  attachments[1].finalLayout =
-      VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
-
-  VkAttachmentReference color_attachment_ref{};
-  color_attachment_ref.attachment = 0;
-  color_attachment_ref.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
-  VkAttachmentReference depth_attachment_ref{};
-  depth_attachment_ref.attachment = 1;
-  depth_attachment_ref.layout =
-    VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
-
-  VkSubpassDescription subpass = {};
-  subpass.flags = 0;
-  subpass.pipelineBindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS;
-  subpass.inputAttachmentCount = 0;
-  subpass.pInputAttachments = nullptr;
-  subpass.colorAttachmentCount = 1;
-  subpass.pColorAttachments = &color_attachment_ref;
-  subpass.pResolveAttachments = nullptr;
-  subpass.pDepthStencilAttachment = &depth_attachment_ref;
-  subpass.preserveAttachmentCount = 0;
-  subpass.pPreserveAttachments = nullptr;
-
-  VkSubpassDependency dependency = {};
-  dependency.srcSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;
-  dependency.dstSubpass = 0;
-  dependency.srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT |
-    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT;
-  dependency.srcAccessMask = 0;
-  dependency.dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT |
-    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT;
-  dependency.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT |
-    VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT |
-    VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
-
-  VkRenderPassCreateInfo render_pass_info{};
-  render_pass_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO;
-  render_pass_info.pNext = nullptr;
-  render_pass_info.flags = 0;
-  render_pass_info.attachmentCount = attachments.size();
-  render_pass_info.pAttachments = attachments.data();
-  render_pass_info.subpassCount = 1;
-  render_pass_info.pSubpasses = &subpass;
-  render_pass_info.dependencyCount = 1;
-  render_pass_info.pDependencies = &dependency;
-
-  if(vkCreateRenderPass(
-       cg_core.vk_device_with_swapchain->device, &render_pass_info, nullptr,
-       &self->render_pass) != VK_SUCCESS)
-    throw CommandError{"Failed to create Vulkan Render Pass 3D."};
-}
-
-void
-unload_render_pass(void *obj)
-{
-  auto self = static_cast<VK::GraphicsPipeline3DLayout*>(obj);
-
-  vkDestroyRenderPass(
-    cg_core.vk_device_with_swapchain->device, self->render_pass, nullptr);
-}
-
 const CommandChain loader{
-  {&load_pipeline, &unload_pipeline},
-  {&load_render_pass, &unload_render_pass}
+  {&load_pipeline, &unload_pipeline}
 };
 
 }
diff --git a/src/vk/graphics_pipeline_3d_layout.hpp b/src/vk/graphics_pipeline_3d_layout.hpp
index 2117fb6..4b2b9b9 100644
--- a/src/vk/graphics_pipeline_3d_layout.hpp
+++ b/src/vk/graphics_pipeline_3d_layout.hpp
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ namespace VK
 struct GraphicsPipeline3DLayout
 {
   VkPipelineLayout pipeline;
-  VkRenderPass render_pass;
 
   GraphicsPipeline3DLayout();
   ~GraphicsPipeline3DLayout();
diff --git a/src/vk/graphics_pipeline_3d_skeletal.cpp b/src/vk/graphics_pipeline_3d_skeletal.cpp
index 7bf2521..bf75b25 100644
--- a/src/vk/graphics_pipeline_3d_skeletal.cpp
+++ b/src/vk/graphics_pipeline_3d_skeletal.cpp
@@ -270,8 +270,7 @@ load_framebuffer(void *obj)
 
     VkFramebufferCreateInfo framebuffer_info{};
     framebuffer_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FRAMEBUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
-    framebuffer_info.renderPass =
-      cg_core.vk_graphics_pipeline_3d_layout->render_pass;
+    framebuffer_info.renderPass = cg_core.vk_render_pass->pipeline_3d;
     framebuffer_info.attachmentCount = attachments.size();
     framebuffer_info.pAttachments = attachments.data();
     framebuffer_info.width = cg_core.display_width;
@@ -493,8 +492,7 @@ load_pipeline(void *obj)
   pipeline_info.pColorBlendState = &color_blending;
   pipeline_info.pDynamicState = &dynamic_state_info;
   pipeline_info.layout = cg_core.vk_graphics_pipeline_3d_layout->pipeline;
-  pipeline_info.renderPass =
-    cg_core.vk_graphics_pipeline_3d_layout->render_pass;
+  pipeline_info.renderPass = cg_core.vk_render_pass->pipeline_3d;
   pipeline_info.subpass = 0;
   pipeline_info.basePipelineHandle = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
   pipeline_info.basePipelineIndex = -1;
diff --git a/src/vk/render_pass.cpp b/src/vk/render_pass.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..799cde4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/vk/render_pass.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2022-2023 Frederico de Oliveira Linhares
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "render_pass.hpp"
+
+#include <array>
+
+#include "../core.hpp"
+
+namespace
+{
+
+void
+load_3d(void *obj)
+{
+  auto self = static_cast<VK::RenderPass*>(obj);
+
+  std::array<VkAttachmentDescription, 2> attachments{};
+  // Color attachment.
+  attachments[0].flags = 0;
+  attachments[0].format = cg_core.vk_swapchain->image_format;
+  attachments[0].samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
+  attachments[0].loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
+  attachments[0].storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;
+  attachments[0].stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
+  attachments[0].stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
+  attachments[0].initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
+  attachments[0].finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
+  // Depth attachment.
+  attachments[1].flags = 0;
+  attachments[1].format = VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT;
+  attachments[1].samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
+  attachments[1].loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
+  attachments[1].storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
+  attachments[1].stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
+  attachments[1].stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
+  attachments[1].initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
+  attachments[1].finalLayout =
+      VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
+
+  VkAttachmentReference color_attachment_ref{};
+  color_attachment_ref.attachment = 0;
+  color_attachment_ref.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
+  VkAttachmentReference depth_attachment_ref{};
+  depth_attachment_ref.attachment = 1;
+  depth_attachment_ref.layout =
+    VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
+
+  VkSubpassDescription subpass = {};
+  subpass.flags = 0;
+  subpass.pipelineBindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS;
+  subpass.inputAttachmentCount = 0;
+  subpass.pInputAttachments = nullptr;
+  subpass.colorAttachmentCount = 1;
+  subpass.pColorAttachments = &color_attachment_ref;
+  subpass.pResolveAttachments = nullptr;
+  subpass.pDepthStencilAttachment = &depth_attachment_ref;
+  subpass.preserveAttachmentCount = 0;
+  subpass.pPreserveAttachments = nullptr;
+
+  VkSubpassDependency dependency = {};
+  dependency.srcSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;
+  dependency.dstSubpass = 0;
+  dependency.srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT |
+    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT;
+  dependency.srcAccessMask = 0;
+  dependency.dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT |
+    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT;
+  dependency.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT |
+    VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT |
+    VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
+
+  VkRenderPassCreateInfo render_pass_info{};
+  render_pass_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO;
+  render_pass_info.pNext = nullptr;
+  render_pass_info.flags = 0;
+  render_pass_info.attachmentCount = attachments.size();
+  render_pass_info.pAttachments = attachments.data();
+  render_pass_info.subpassCount = 1;
+  render_pass_info.pSubpasses = &subpass;
+  render_pass_info.dependencyCount = 1;
+  render_pass_info.pDependencies = &dependency;
+
+  if(vkCreateRenderPass(
+       cg_core.vk_device_with_swapchain->device, &render_pass_info, nullptr,
+       &self->pipeline_3d) != VK_SUCCESS)
+    throw CommandError{"Failed to create Vulkan Render Pass 3D."};
+}
+
+void
+unload_3d(void *obj)
+{
+  auto self = static_cast<VK::RenderPass*>(obj);
+
+  vkDestroyRenderPass(
+    cg_core.vk_device_with_swapchain->device, self->pipeline_3d, nullptr);
+}
+
+void
+load_2d(void *obj)
+{
+  auto self = static_cast<VK::RenderPass*>(obj);
+
+  std::array<VkAttachmentDescription, 1> attachments{};
+  // Color attachment.
+  attachments[0].flags = 0;
+  attachments[0].format = cg_core.vk_swapchain->image_format;
+  attachments[0].samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
+  attachments[0].loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_LOAD;
+  attachments[0].storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;
+  attachments[0].stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
+  attachments[0].stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
+  attachments[0].initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
+  attachments[0].finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR;
+
+  VkAttachmentReference color_attachment_ref{};
+  color_attachment_ref.attachment = 0;
+  color_attachment_ref.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
+
+  VkSubpassDescription subpass{};
+  subpass.flags = 0;
+  subpass.pipelineBindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS;
+  subpass.inputAttachmentCount = 0;
+  subpass.pInputAttachments = nullptr;
+  subpass.colorAttachmentCount = 1;
+  subpass.pColorAttachments = &color_attachment_ref;
+  subpass.pResolveAttachments = nullptr;
+  subpass.pDepthStencilAttachment = nullptr;
+  subpass.preserveAttachmentCount = 0;
+  subpass.pPreserveAttachments = nullptr;
+
+  VkSubpassDependency dependency{};
+  dependency.srcSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;
+  dependency.dstSubpass = 0;
+  dependency.srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT |
+    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT;
+  dependency.srcAccessMask = 0;
+  dependency.dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT |
+    VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT;
+  dependency.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT |
+    VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT |
+    VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
+
+  VkRenderPassCreateInfo render_pass_info{};
+  render_pass_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO;
+  render_pass_info.pNext = nullptr;
+  render_pass_info.flags = 0;
+  render_pass_info.attachmentCount = attachments.size();
+  render_pass_info.pAttachments = attachments.data();
+  render_pass_info.subpassCount = 1;
+  render_pass_info.pSubpasses = &subpass;
+  render_pass_info.dependencyCount = 1;
+  render_pass_info.pDependencies = &dependency;
+
+  if(vkCreateRenderPass(
+       cg_core.vk_device_with_swapchain->device, &render_pass_info,
+       nullptr, &self->pipeline_2d) != VK_SUCCESS)
+    throw CommandError{"Failed to create Vulkan Render Pass 2D."};
+}
+
+void
+unload_2d(void *obj)
+{
+  auto self = static_cast<VK::RenderPass*>(obj);
+
+  vkDestroyRenderPass(
+    cg_core.vk_device_with_swapchain->device, self->pipeline_2d, nullptr);
+}
+
+const CommandChain loader{
+  {&load_3d, &unload_3d},
+  {&load_2d, &unload_2d}
+};
+
+}
+
+namespace VK
+{
+
+RenderPass::RenderPass()
+{
+  loader.execute(this);
+}
+
+RenderPass::~RenderPass()
+{
+  loader.revert(this);
+}
+
+}
diff --git a/src/vk/render_pass.hpp b/src/vk/render_pass.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f96062
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/vk/render_pass.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2022-2023 Frederico de Oliveira Linhares
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef CANDY_GEAR_VK_RENDER_PASS_H
+#define CANDY_GEAR_VK_RENDER_PASS_H 1
+
+#include "core.hpp"
+
+namespace VK
+{
+
+struct RenderPass
+{
+  VkRenderPass pipeline_2d;
+  VkRenderPass pipeline_3d;
+
+  RenderPass();
+  ~RenderPass();
+};
+
+}
+
+#endif /* CANDY_GEAR_VK_RENDER_PASS_H */
diff --git a/src/vk/renderer.cpp b/src/vk/renderer.cpp
index 753b5f7..3daeee7 100644
--- a/src/vk/renderer.cpp
+++ b/src/vk/renderer.cpp
@@ -102,9 +102,9 @@ unload_command_pool(void *obj)
   auto self = static_cast<VK::Renderer*>(obj);
 
   vkWaitForFences(cg_core.vk_device_with_swapchain->device,
-                  VK::Swapchain::max_frames_in_flight,
-                  cg_core.vk_swapchain->in_flight_fences.data(), VK_TRUE,
-                  std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max());
+		  VK::Swapchain::max_frames_in_flight,
+		  cg_core.vk_swapchain->in_flight_fences.data(), VK_TRUE,
+		  std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max());
   vkDestroyCommandPool(
     self->queue_family->device->device, self->command_pool, nullptr);
 }
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ namespace VK
 {
 
 Renderer::Renderer(std::vector<std::shared_ptr<View2D>> views_2d,
-                   std::vector<std::shared_ptr<View3D>> views_3d):
+		   std::vector<std::shared_ptr<View3D>> views_3d):
   skeletal_models_to_draw{cg_core.vk_swapchain->images_count},
   static_models_to_draw{cg_core.vk_swapchain->images_count},
   views_2d{views_2d},
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ Renderer::Renderer(std::vector<std::shared_ptr<View2D>> views_2d,
 }
 
 Renderer::Renderer(std::initializer_list<std::shared_ptr<View2D>> views_2d,
-                   std::initializer_list<std::shared_ptr<View3D>> views_3d):
+		   std::initializer_list<std::shared_ptr<View3D>> views_3d):
   Renderer(std::vector(views_2d), std::vector(views_3d))
 {
 }
@@ -177,15 +177,15 @@ Renderer::draw()
     if(next_frame == Swapchain::max_frames_in_flight) next_frame = 0;
 
     vkResetFences(cg_core.vk_device_with_swapchain->device, 1,
-                  &cg_core.vk_swapchain->in_flight_fences[
-                    cg_core.vk_swapchain->current_frame]);
+		  &cg_core.vk_swapchain->in_flight_fences[
+		    cg_core.vk_swapchain->current_frame]);
 
     uint32_t image_index;
     vkAcquireNextImageKHR(
       cg_core.vk_device_with_swapchain->device,
       cg_core.vk_swapchain->swapchain, std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(),
       cg_core.vk_swapchain->image_available_semaphores[
-        cg_core.vk_swapchain->current_frame], VK_NULL_HANDLE, &image_index);
+	cg_core.vk_swapchain->current_frame], VK_NULL_HANDLE, &image_index);
 
     VkCommandBuffer draw_command_buffer =
       this->draw_command_buffers[cg_core.vk_swapchain->current_frame];
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ Renderer::draw()
       begin_info.flags = 0;
       begin_info.pInheritanceInfo = nullptr;
       if (vkBeginCommandBuffer(draw_command_buffer, &begin_info) != VK_SUCCESS)
-        throw std::runtime_error{"Failed to beggin draw command buffer."};
+	throw std::runtime_error{"Failed to beggin draw command buffer."};
     }
 
     // 3D drawing.
@@ -227,94 +227,73 @@ Renderer::draw()
       VkRenderPassBeginInfo render_pass_begin{};
       render_pass_begin.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_BEGIN_INFO;
       render_pass_begin.pNext = nullptr;
-      render_pass_begin.renderPass =
-        cg_core.vk_graphics_pipeline_3d_layout->render_pass;
+      render_pass_begin.renderPass = cg_core.vk_render_pass->pipeline_3d;
       render_pass_begin.framebuffer =
-        cg_core.vk_graphics_pipeline_3d->swapchain_framebuffers[image_index];
+	cg_core.vk_graphics_pipeline_3d->swapchain_framebuffers[image_index];
       render_pass_begin.renderArea.offset = {0, 0};
       render_pass_begin.renderArea.extent = {
-        static_cast<uint32_t>(cg_core.display_width),
-        static_cast<uint32_t>(cg_core.display_height)};
+	static_cast<uint32_t>(cg_core.display_width),
+	static_cast<uint32_t>(cg_core.display_height)};
       render_pass_begin.clearValueCount = clear_values.size();
       render_pass_begin.pClearValues = clear_values.data();
 
       vkCmdBeginRenderPass(
-        draw_command_buffer, &render_pass_begin, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);
+	draw_command_buffer, &render_pass_begin, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);
 
       for(auto &view: this->views_3d)
-        cg_core.vk_graphics_pipeline_3d->draw(
-          view, draw_command_buffer, cg_core.vk_swapchain->current_frame,
-          image_index);
+	cg_core.vk_graphics_pipeline_3d->draw(
+	  view, draw_command_buffer, cg_core.vk_swapchain->current_frame,
+	  image_index);
 
       vkCmdEndRenderPass(draw_command_buffer);
     }
 
-    // 2D solid drawing
-    {
+    { // 2D render pass
       VkRenderPassBeginInfo render_pass_begin{};
       render_pass_begin.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_BEGIN_INFO;
       render_pass_begin.pNext = nullptr;
-      render_pass_begin.renderPass =
-        cg_core.vk_graphics_pipeline_2d_solid_layout->render_pass;
+      render_pass_begin.renderPass = cg_core.vk_render_pass->pipeline_2d;
       render_pass_begin.framebuffer =
-        cg_core.vk_graphics_pipeline_2d_solid->swapchain_framebuffers[
-          image_index];
+	cg_core.vk_graphics_pipeline_2d_solid->swapchain_framebuffers[
+	  image_index];
       render_pass_begin.renderArea.offset = {0, 0};
       render_pass_begin.renderArea.extent = {
-        static_cast<uint32_t>(cg_core.display_width),
-        static_cast<uint32_t>(cg_core.display_height)};
+	static_cast<uint32_t>(cg_core.display_width),
+	static_cast<uint32_t>(cg_core.display_height)};
       render_pass_begin.clearValueCount = 0;
       render_pass_begin.pClearValues = nullptr;
 
       vkCmdBeginRenderPass(
-        draw_command_buffer, &render_pass_begin, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);
+	draw_command_buffer, &render_pass_begin, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);
+
+    }
 
+    { // 2D solid drawing
       for(auto &view: this->views_2d)
-        cg_core.vk_graphics_pipeline_2d_solid->draw(
-          view, draw_command_buffer, cg_core.vk_swapchain->current_frame,
-          next_frame, image_index);
+	cg_core.vk_graphics_pipeline_2d_solid->draw(
+	  view, draw_command_buffer, cg_core.vk_swapchain->current_frame,
+	  next_frame, image_index);
 
       for(auto &view: this->views_3d)
-        cg_core.vk_graphics_pipeline_2d_solid->draw(
-          view, draw_command_buffer, cg_core.vk_swapchain->current_frame,
-          next_frame, image_index);
-
-      vkCmdEndRenderPass(draw_command_buffer);
+	cg_core.vk_graphics_pipeline_2d_solid->draw(
+	  view, draw_command_buffer, cg_core.vk_swapchain->current_frame,
+	  next_frame, image_index);
     }
 
-    // 2D wired drawing
-    {
-      VkRenderPassBeginInfo render_pass_begin{};
-      render_pass_begin.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_BEGIN_INFO;
-      render_pass_begin.pNext = nullptr;
-      render_pass_begin.renderPass =
-        cg_core.vk_graphics_pipeline_2d_wired_layout->render_pass;
-      render_pass_begin.framebuffer =
-        cg_core.vk_graphics_pipeline_2d_wired->swapchain_framebuffers[
-          image_index];
-      render_pass_begin.renderArea.offset = {0, 0};
-      render_pass_begin.renderArea.extent = {
-        static_cast<uint32_t>(cg_core.display_width),
-        static_cast<uint32_t>(cg_core.display_height)};
-      render_pass_begin.clearValueCount = 0;
-      render_pass_begin.pClearValues = nullptr;
-
-      vkCmdBeginRenderPass(
-        draw_command_buffer, &render_pass_begin, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);
-
+    { // 2D wired drawing
       for(auto &view: this->views_2d)
-        cg_core.vk_graphics_pipeline_2d_wired->draw(
-          view, draw_command_buffer, cg_core.vk_swapchain->current_frame,
-          next_frame, image_index);
+	cg_core.vk_graphics_pipeline_2d_wired->draw(
+	  view, draw_command_buffer, cg_core.vk_swapchain->current_frame,
+	  next_frame, image_index);
 
       for(auto &view: this->views_3d)
-        cg_core.vk_graphics_pipeline_2d_wired->draw(
-          view, draw_command_buffer, cg_core.vk_swapchain->current_frame,
-          next_frame, image_index);
-
-      vkCmdEndRenderPass(draw_command_buffer);
+	cg_core.vk_graphics_pipeline_2d_wired->draw(
+	  view, draw_command_buffer, cg_core.vk_swapchain->current_frame,
+	  next_frame, image_index);
     }
 
+    vkCmdEndRenderPass(draw_command_buffer);
+
     // End command buffer.
     if(vkEndCommandBuffer(draw_command_buffer) != VK_SUCCESS)
       throw std::runtime_error{"Failed to end draw command buffer."};
@@ -324,13 +303,13 @@ Renderer::draw()
       auto queue{this->queue_family->get_queue()};
 
       VkSemaphore wait_semaphores[]{
-        cg_core.vk_swapchain->image_available_semaphores[
-          cg_core.vk_swapchain->current_frame]};
+	cg_core.vk_swapchain->image_available_semaphores[
+	  cg_core.vk_swapchain->current_frame]};
       VkPipelineStageFlags wait_stages[] =
-        {VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT};
+	{VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT};
       VkSemaphore signal_semaphores[]{
-        cg_core.vk_swapchain->render_finished_semaphores[
-          cg_core.vk_swapchain->current_frame]};
+	cg_core.vk_swapchain->render_finished_semaphores[
+	  cg_core.vk_swapchain->current_frame]};
 
       VkSubmitInfo submit_info{};
       submit_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;
@@ -344,9 +323,9 @@ Renderer::draw()
       submit_info.pSignalSemaphores = signal_semaphores;
 
       if(vkQueueSubmit(
-           queue.queue, 1, &submit_info, cg_core.vk_swapchain->in_flight_fences[
-             cg_core.vk_swapchain->current_frame]) != VK_SUCCESS)
-        throw std::runtime_error{"Failed to submit draw command buffer."};
+	   queue.queue, 1, &submit_info, cg_core.vk_swapchain->in_flight_fences[
+	     cg_core.vk_swapchain->current_frame]) != VK_SUCCESS)
+	throw std::runtime_error{"Failed to submit draw command buffer."};
 
       VkSwapchainKHR swap_chains[]{cg_core.vk_swapchain->swapchain};